Hamlet Soliloquies and Their Analysis

HAMLET’S SOLILOQUIES and THEIR ANALYSIS over the span of the play, Hamlet has seven long speeches. The first of these happens before he has seen the Ghost. In this speech, Hamlet uncovers the distress that has been worrying his psyche. He wishes that religion didn't disallow self destruction with the goal that he could execute himself and be freed of this distress. He feels baffled with the world. â€Å"How exhausted, stale, level and unbeneficial, Seem to me all the employments of this world†. He despises (denounces) the way that his mom ought to have remarried scarcely two months after the passing of her first spouse. This talk shows Hamlet’s thoughtful nature. It additionally uncovers his obedient connection to his dead dad whom he compliments, and his hatred of his uncle to whom he alludes in trashing terms. His references to Hyperion, Niobe and Hercules demonstrate him to be knowledgeable in traditional writing. We additionally note his summing up propensity when says: â€Å"Frailty thy name is woman;† Resolution to retaliate for his father’s murder. Hamlet’s second discourse comes soon after the Ghost leaves him, in the wake of accusing him of the obligation of delivering retribution upon the killer of his dad. Hamlet makes plans to clear out everything else from his memory and to recall just Ghost’s order. The way where Hamlet here talks about always remembering enthusiastically and complete the command (demand) of the Ghost. The Ghost’s disclosure has paralyzed him and he alludes to his mom as â€Å"a most noxious woman† and to his uncle as a â€Å"smiling condemned villain†. We again note his summing up propensity when he says that â€Å"one may grin, and grin, and be a villain†. Regret: In his third talk, Hamlet sharply chides himself for having neglected to execute his vengeance up until this point, he calls himself â€Å"a dull and sloppy mettled rascal† for his disappointment, blaming himself for being â€Å"pigeon livered†, an ass who â€Å" like a whore† can just unload his heart with words and â€Å"And fall a-reviling, similar to a very drab†. He alludes to his uncle as a â€Å"bloody off color miscreant; callous, slippery, prurient, encourages illain†. He at that point abides upon his arrangement to organize a play (The Mouse Trap), saying: â€Å"the the play ‘s the thing Wherein I'll get the still, small voice of the king† at the end of the day, Hamlet currently looks for an affirmation of the Ghost’s charge against Claudius. This is somewhat odd, in light of the fact that it has tak en him long to question the credibility of the Ghost’s adaptation. Clearly Hamlet is increasingly a scholar and less a man of activity. On the Horns of Dilemma. Hamlet fourth discourse, his generally well known and generally celebrated, is the most philosophical of all. To be, or not to be: that is the question†. Hamlet asks himself whether it is respectable to endure the brutalities of destiny quietly or to set up a battle against the incidents of life. It would be better maybe â€Å"to submit suicide† if passing somehow happened to mean an absolute elimination of cognizance. Be that as it may, the dread of what may befall us after death, cause us to bear the ills and shameful acts of life. This talk, more than some other uncovers the theoretical personality of Hamlet, his fickle and faltering brain, and his insufficiency for any planned activity of an earth shattering nature. His inventory of the mishaps of life by and by shows his summing up propensity for thought. This monologue somewhat clarifies Hamlet’s delay in doing his motivation, and shows simultaneously the psychological torment that he has been experiencing a result of that delay. We here observe a touchy, intelligent individual constrained to confront circumstance with which he unfit to adapt. Choice to â€Å"speak daggers† to his motherIn his fifth monologue, Hamlet depicts his mind-set as one in which he could â€Å"drink hot blood, a do such harsh business as the day would shake to look on†. In this mind-set he can even execute his mom, however he would not follow Nero’s model: â€Å"Let me be savage, not unnatural†. He consequently chooses to â€Å"speak daggers† to his mom however utilize none. We can well acknowledge Hamlet’s story hatred against his mom however we additionally realize that the man who has not had the option to execute his uncle will be unequipped for murdering his mom in light of the fact that, separated the reality of her marriage, she has never really merit that discipline. Sidestepping the obligation. Hamlet’s 6th speech gives him contracting from a represent which he has for some time been planning and for which he presently gets an amazing chance. Hamlet’s purpose behind not killing his uncle right now is that the uncle is at petitions and that by killing him at such a period Hamlet would send him directly to paradise. Hamlet chooses to hang tight for an open door when his uncle is â€Å"drink snoozing, or in his fury, or in the depraved delight of his bed, at gaming, swearing, or about some demonstration that has no relish of salvation in it†. Clearly, Hamlet is sidestepping a duty which he has completely acknowledged. His thinking here is only a bit of delusion (misleadingly inconspicuous thinking). Consequently Hamlet’s propensity to hesitation is additionally underlined in this discourse Contrition Again. Hamlet’s last talk is again loaded with remorse: â€Å"How all events do advise against me, And spike my dull retribution! † Three piece of his disappointment, he says are because of weakness, and just a single part because of shrewdness. It is to be despised (censured) that he just lives yet to state: â€Å"This thing’s to do (which means his motivation is yet to be cultivated). A man is no superior to a brute, on the off chance that he is content with taking care of and resting. Hamlet’s laziness is expected to â€Å"bestial oblivions†, or to â€Å"some timid (fearful) qualm (faltering) of reasoning too accurately on the event†. Having reprimand himself in solid terms, Hamlet shapes the accompanying determination: â€Å"O, from this time forward, My contemplations be wicked, or be not all that much! † This monologue, by and by underlines Hamlet’s irresolution and his reflective demeanor. His inner voice continues pricking him and asking him to vindicate, however a characteristic insufficiency consistently impedes him. His summing up and universalizing inclination also is seen here by and by † What is a man, If his main great and market of his time Be however to rest and feed? a monster, no more. † postpone underlined by the monologues. Hamlet’s monologues are principal in carrying the possibility of his postponement to our notification. The weight on defer shows likewise Hamlet’s distraction with his job. His life is one to be lived under the inconvenience (trouble) of an incredible undertaking which he appears to be not able to satisfy. Unreasonably theoretical, indecisive, insightful graceful. The speeches of Hamlet without a doubt toss a surge of light on his character and character. A talk is a gadget by which Shakespeare uncovers to us the internal working of a character’s mind, the mystery considerations and reflections (contemplations) of a character’s mind, the most profound opening of a character’s soul. Hamlet’s talks definitely fill that need. These talks not just uncover that Hamlet is given to unreasonable theories and that he is thusly unfit to do the undertaking doled out to him, yet in addition incapable to comprehend his purposes behind postponing his vengeance. Moreover, these talks show Hamlet's graceful persuasiveness. Every speech by him is a perfect work of art, as views its logical substance as well as respects its style and articulation. They demonstrate Hamlet to be a researcher, a scholar, and a writer. . Nothing about his relations with Ophelia in these talks. Thoughtful as he may be, Hamlet is continually investigating himself internally. He is for investigating himself, diving into his own temperament, to look for a clarification' for this or for that, and offering vent to his disappointment, discontent, or dissatisfaction. In one significant regard, nonetheless, these talks don't communicate Hamlet's brain. In none of these talks does he discuss his emotions or musings about Ophelia. While he talks a decent arrangement about his uncle and, his mom, he says nothing regarding Ophelia. The outcome is that so far as his relations with Ophelia curve concerned, we need to rely just upon outer proof. Three forces of the spirit sensationalized. As per one pundit, the initial six monologues of Hamlet' sensationalize the three forces of the spirit †to be specific , memory; understanding, and will †and show how his memory and comprehension are against his will, while the seventh speech is worried about each of the three forces of the spirit however â€Å"the fight in Hamlet's psyche is never chosen at a cognizant level. Over-examination of intentions. The speeches of Hamlet extend Hamlet's deplorable character by depicting him as a â€Å"thinking† man. His exorbitant thoughtfulness checks activity by too inquisitive a thought of the need and equity of . the activity pondered. The speeches contain an over-investigation  ·of the thought processes of the activity that is expected of him. His brain gauges all that may possibly be said for and against the course proposed.

Organic Anion Transporters Essay -- Biology

The fundamental area of the protein natural anion transporter 3 is in the kidney and the capacity of the kidney is to get poisons, as a rule as natural anions, or even prescriptions out of the body. So as to separate and transport these poisons through the blood to the kidney, explicit proteins called natural anion transporters (OAT) exist. The sole capacity of these proteins is to tie to these atoms and take them to the kidney where they can be isolated from the blood and discharged. The manner in which these proteins work is that they have an exceptionally explicit dynamic site (or restricting site) which has novel properties that make it inclined to joining to different natural anions. To all the more likely comprehend the job of OAT 3, a particular OAT protein which is available in the choroid plexus (spinal liquid) and the kidney, a test was led in which this protein was expelled from rodents by substituting the DNA code for OAT 3 with a comparative, yet not useful code. These OAT 3 knockout rodents demonstrated a failure to ship certain natural anions including poisons, hormones, and medications. Strategies Strategies: 1. Disengagement of the OAT3 Gene 2. Examination of changes in tissues of the wild sort and OAT3 type 3. Northern Analysis 4. RT-PCR 5. Techniques for Measuring Transport 6. Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy 1. Segregation of OAT3 quality: The system utilized here was a cancellation of exon 3. An exon is a bit of a DNA atom that codes for part of a polypeptide, which gets communicated. So the erasure of this specific exon caused an edge move transformation and an untimely stop codon to be gotten. This fair implies the emissary RNA (mRNA) that is interpreted from the quality gets deciphered regularly until the ribosome co... ...family will permit people to additionally extend the viability of medication treatment. To begin with, in the event that the natural anion transport framework could be obstructed, certain medications at that point would remain in the framework longer that would somehow or another have been discharged. This would take into consideration progressively compelling and shorter treatment. Second, not every person has a similar measure of natural anion transporters in their framework, consequently by genotyping a patient and finding the measure of the transporters present in the individual, a customized medicate regiment could be conceived , making it increasingly powerful for the person. Third, by distinguishing the anion shipped by every (OAT 1-4), certain poisons could be moved out of the framework a lot quicker and forestall less harm of specific poisons to the framework. By adjusting the measures of the OAT family present specialists could accelerate the recuperation procedure.

Disagree Essay Too Dependent on Automobiles

Sample TOEFL Agree/Disagree Essay Too Dependent on Automobiles The QuestionDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? People in todays world have become too dependent on automobiles. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this web page. Its a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the test. Sign up today.The Sample EssayOver the last few decades, as automobiles have become affordable for more and more people, cars have become a very controversial topic of discussion. I am of the opinion that people in the modern world have become far too reliant on automobiles. I feel this way for two main reasons, which I will explore in the following essay. To begin with, many people have become disinterested in the amount of pollution that their vehicles create. It is a well-known fact that automobiles are one of the biggest sources of deadly greenhous e gases, which are the main cause of global warming. However, it seems that many individuals simply do not care about how much damage they do by driving their cars. For example, my uncle drives an extremely large sport utility vehicle to work every day, even though he commutes alone. This vehicle is not energy efficient, and I think that he ought to take a carpool to his office instead of using it. When I asked him why he continues to drive such a harmful vehicle he responded that even though he is aware of how much fuel it uses, he does not care because of how happy it makes him feel to drive an expensive car. This example demonstrates how neglectful many members of modern society have become as a consequence of their love of automobiles.Secondly, our current obsession with automobiles has caused public transportation systems to be neglected by government officials. Because people are obsessed with their personal vehicles, governments have felt justified in failing to develop bus a nd rail networks. My city, Toronto, is a compelling example of this. Despite being the largest city in Canada it has only two subway lines and just a handful of underdeveloped bus routes. While this frustrates me quite a lot, most people simply do not care and, regretfully, the issue is never considered of even studied by our municipal government. If more people were to demand better public transportation, of course the government would snap into action and improve the local system. The fact that this has not happened makes it evident to me that our current dependence on automobiles has resulted in a lower quality of living for many people in Toronto. In conclusion, I strongly believe that people today are too dependent on automobiles. This is because our love of driving has contributed to global warming, and because it has resulted in shoddy public transportation systems in major cities. (412 Words)

Should College Athletes Be Paid - 1537 Words

In America sports wherever there is people, there will also be sports. Sports have played a major role in American history. To some people sports is all they have. It is just the way that things are. The issue in sports now is that the NCAA exploit the sports world and the very backbone of the corporation is the poorest. It is an issue that has been around for quite some time now. The issue is that the sports world face is the fact that college athletes are not paid, although they perform in a multibillion dollar industry. The NCAA basically has a monopoly on college athletics, and generate about one billion dollars a year. College sports are extremely demanding both in and out of season, and these athletes put their future on the line. The NCAA should be legally obligated to compensate athletes, based solely on the fact that the money made, is from their performance. The National College Athletic Association, better known as the NCAA has been involved in constant turmoil for quite some time now. In the college sports world, there are two variant sides by which neither can come to a final decision. Those side are for and against paying college athletes for participation. While some agree that â€Å"coaches are paid too much for players to be struggling to buy food† (Connolly), some actually seem to disagree. Agree or disagree, the athletes deserve a resolution because the longer the issue, the longer the struggle. The two side fail to realize that their arguments and discord doesShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Be Paid?1578 Words   |  7 PagesAshay Mehta Nou Per 8 Should College Athletes Be Paid? One of the hottest debates in the sports industry is if college athletes should be paid. If you want to pay these athletes, how would the college determine the dollar amount that should be paid? Should the basketball team make more than the football team? Should the the soccer team be paid as well? Cheerleading? Chess team? Should everyone on the team get a salary? What if your college is good at football and your basketball team is awfulRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1398 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve that college athletes at the highest performing schools are better treated than others. Although they do not get paid, they do receive some benefits for being athletes that other students would not get. One advantage for playing a sport is access to scholarships that some schools reserve for their athletes. Depending on the school and the athlete’s performance, money towards tuition is often given. Only some schools are willing to grant â€Å"full-ride† scholar ships for certain athletes. AccordingRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1289 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the years college sports have been about the love of the game, filled with adrenaline moments. However, the following question still remains: Should college athletes get paid to play sports in college? Seemingly, this debate has been endless, yet the questions have gone unanswered. The National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) plays a vital role in this debate. The NCAA is a billion dollar industry, but yet sees that the athlete should get paid for their hard work and dedicationRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1334 Words   |  6 Pagesrising to the surface is â€Å"Should college athletes be paid?†. This has become a burning question. The NCAA is a multibillion-dollar industry, that makes millions, if not billions, in revenue. Yet it’s still maintains the non-profit status meaning that the industry is not set on making a profit and none of the revenue that is made is distributed to its members, managers, or officers. While most players who play in college sports are under a scholarship, that pays for the college tuition, books, and housingRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1364 Words   |  6 PagesHave you paid attention to all of the news that has been surfacing about collegiate sports lately? It is a big topic now days in the world of sports on weather college athletes should be getting paid to play sports. College athletics have gained great popularity of the past few decades, and have brought schools lots of revenue. A lot of college athletes think they should be getting paid for their services they do for their school. College sports like basketball and football generate over six billionRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1130 Words   |  5 PagesWhat college athlete would not want to be paid to play the sport that he or she loves? The real question is, though, should college athletes be paid fo r their roles in a college’s athletics? They are many points to each side of this recent controversial topic, which is why this has been made into such a hot debate in the past couple of years. As of right now, these athletes are not getting paid, but many of them truly believe that they should. Others believe that they already are being paid throughRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?986 Words   |  4 PagesPaying the College Athlete The college athlete has steadily grown in popularity in the United States over the span of the past decades. Monetarily speaking, this increased publicity has been extremely beneficial for National Athletic Association (NCAA) and all the colleges involved in athletics which has sparked the dispute of whether or not the athlete should be paid for their hard work and dedication on the field and to their school or if the athletic scholarship is more than enough. College athletesRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1239 Words   |  5 PagesLindsey Simmerman Speech 102 T/Th 1:00-2:15 October 25, 2016 Should college athletes be paid to play? Specific Purpose: To persuade the class to agree with my stance on paying college athletes to play sports Thesis: College football is the hours players spend practicing and performing, the number of injuries the players face, and the persona these athletes must portray every day all the while watching their schools, coaches, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) get all the compensationRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Be Paid1254 Words   |  6 PagesSome college athletic departments are as wealthy as professional sports teams. The NCAA has an average annual revenue of $10.6 billion dollars. College athletes should be paid because of the amount of revenue that they bring to their college. Each individual college should pay its athletes based on how much revenue they bring to the college in which they attend. The colleges that win their Division title, their Conference title, or the National championship, give bonuses to the Head coach of thatRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid1558 Words   |  7 Pagesstudent-athletes participate in a variety of different s ports, and currently they do not receive paychecks for their performances. College athletics have attained an extensive popularity increase among Americans over the past few decades. This has resulted into increased revenues for the National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA] and the participating colleges, which has fuelled the debate of whether or not college athletes should collect an income. College athletes should not be paid to play

Factors Affecting Concentration Span in Ecde Centres

INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING CONCERNTRATION SPAN IN (ECDE) CENTRES A SURVEY STUDY OF WARERI ZONE GARISSA COUNTY PRESENTED BY: SAMUEL MUTISYA MAITHYA INDEX NO. A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION OF THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL SUPERVISORS MR. KINGOO AND MRS. SANDEI JULY, 2012 DECLARATION This proposal is my original work and has not been submitted in any other institution for the award of a certificate, diploma or degree. ______________________________________________________________________ SAMUEL MUTISYA MAITHYA INDEX NO. This proposal has been submitted with my approval as college supervisor. MR.†¦show more content†¦Children find it difficult to sit still for more than about 10 minutes this makes them restless (Minette 1989). Building positive relationship with and creating a smooth functioning classroom are foundation of teaching. Accomplishing these things involves skills in relating to, communicating with children, developing rules to guide children’s behavior anticipating and preventing problems utilizing effective techniques of managing the group and dealing with conflict. Dealing with conflict and problems is not always easy. As you struggle with classroom â€Å"control† you may wonder (or if) this is possible without resulting to negative and punitive techniques (Feeny Christensen Moravoki 1991). Minette further says that children are naturally curious showing great interest in new things and getting excited about new activities. A health child is an active child. Parents describe children 18 months to six years as being over active and this is often only because the child’s level of activity is so different from adults. According to Feeny et al (1991) when children have opportunities and interesting things to do sufficient time to complete activities and access to caring adults they are likely to enjoy school and learn. An orderly environment with well defined space, lots to do a schedule that is developmentally appropriate well organized routines and transition

How Society Shapes Your Decision for College Free Essays

Peter Berger refers to the sociological perspective as seeing the general in the particular, meaning sociology helps one see the general patterns in particular people. Well we all know that society can affect our choices in life, whether it be the jeans you buy, the food you eat or the path you choose for your future, society always has a say in it even if it isn’t welcomed. My choice to go to college wasn’t much of a choice, as far back as I can remember my parents and teachers alike were constantly grooming me for exams and tests and everything I would need to get accepted into and succeed at whatever higher institution I chose. We will write a custom essay sample on How Society Shapes Your Decision for College or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not that this was a bad thing at all, I’m more than grateful for all of it considering without it I would not be where I am today. The point is, society embeds in your mind that the only way to be successful in todays business world is to go to college, get a degree, and then search for a desk to sit behind for the greater part of the remainder of your life. If that wasn’t encouragement enough to keep my grades high and my sights set even higher, looking around at the other students at my school certainly did it for me. I told myself that I would not allow myself to slip and fall into the pattern that all the others around me had or soon would. I was bound and determined to get out of that school, out of my hometown, and away from any negative people or negative energy those people might be harboring. So the easy part was done, my choice had been made, but now the big question: What university do I choose? Being from a middle income family in Texas I knew I wasn’t going to attend any Ivy League Institution, but I still wanted to go to an amazing University without bankrupting my parents of course. When I looked at my parents, along with other parents who were equally successful in their careers I noticed they had all gone to Big 12 schools. Again, keeping my parents bank accounts in mind I decided it would be the wisest decision to choose a Big 12 University that was still in Texas to avoid the $30,000 + fee for out of state tuition. Based on my major and who had accepted me so far I had it narrowed down to my top three universities; Texas AM, University of Texas, and good ol’ Texas Tech University. The deciding factor was that Texas Tech and the University of Texas were the only two schools with their own college of communication, but Texas Tech came out on top as the only University in Texas that offered advertising as its own major in its own college. It also didn’t hurt that all the people I had grown to dislike from my hometown, if they were even graduating, were going on to UT or AM, so the fact that Texas Tech was ten hours away from home was just the cherry on top. How to cite How Society Shapes Your Decision for College, Papers

Personnel Management Singapore Changi Airport

Question: Describe about the Personnel Management for Singapore Changi Airport. Answer: Introduction The human resource management is one of the most important functions of an organization. The organization selected for the purpose of study is Singapore Airlines. The hub of the airlines is located at Singapore Changi Airport (Singaporeair.com, 2016). It has three subsidiaries namely TigerAir, Scoot and SilkAir. The airline is known to be the second largest airline in the world in terms of market capitalization (Singaporeair.com, 2016). It aims to grow its capital expenditure by around 66% in the coming years in order to increase its market share (Singaporeair.com, 2016). This report aims to analyze the various human resource issues such as job analysis, job design, recruitment tools and the selection strategies in the selected organization Job Analysis The job analysis concerns with the process of determination of the particular job requirements as well as job duties in a particular organization (Sanchez Levine, 2012). It consists of the steps such as outlining the job descriptions as well as job specifications (Sanchez Levine, 2012). The relative importance of the job duties is analyzed. The processes by which the individual job tasks contribute to the fulfillment of the organizational goals are also identified. The accounts department is selected for this section and the job role is Chief Accountant. The job description identifies the functions, responsibilities, duties of a Chief Accountant. This may refer to the reporting authority of the positions, kind of everyday tasks to be performed and compensation structure (Kersley et al., 2013). There are three basic components of the job description such as brief overview, job title and detailed responsibilities (Kersley et al., 2013). The job duties of an accountant include preparation of the liability, assets and the entries concerning capital account. He is also required to analyze the account related information. The incumbent should document the financial transactions and recommend future financial actions. He needs to prepare cash flow forecasting statements and perform the project cost forecasts. He is also supposed to review as well as approve the journal entries as well as payment vouchers. The job specifications concerns with identifying the qualifications required for the job position and the qualities that must be there in the prospective candidate (Phillips Gully, 2015). This process is essential for determining the fitment of a candidate for the particular job position. The company must determine if a probable finance graduate is suitable for the position of Chief Accountant (Phillips Gully, 2015). It acts as a statement of the important components like job summary and other requirements to perform a job (Phillips Gully, 2015). The jobs specifications include minimum degree in the accounting or finance such as ACCA and CPA qualification. He should have minimum of 3 years of work experience in the financial accounting in an airline organization. The candidate should also possess relevant experience in the costing and audit functions. The other skills required in the incumbent include SAP knowledge and the familiarity with SOX and US GAAP. There are several benefits of interviews. It is of utmost importance to interview several candidates for the position of Chief Accountant. It fosters personal interaction with the candidates, assess the spontaneity of the employees, properly evaluate the candidates and measure the behavioral aspects of the candidates (Berman et al., 2015). The interviews help the company to analyze the competencies of the candidates and decide whether it should hire the particular candidates (Berman et al., 2015). It is also believed to be a transparent mode of communication between the employees and the organization. Job Design The job design concerns with the specification of the methods, contents and relationships of the jobs with other related parameters (Salvendy, 2012). The jobs must satisfy the organizational as well as technological requirements of the organizations. This can be done if the incumbent satisfies the personal requirements (Salvendy, 2012). The job design is directly related with the motivation of the employees. The nature of the job design affects the motivation level of the employees (Parker, 2014). An effective job design would mean higher job satisfaction among the employees. This would mean that the employees are eager to give their optimum performance in their job. The jobs at the Accounts Department should be designed in such a manner that it impacts the employees in the maximum possible extent. This requires the implementation of job specialization. The jobs of the Accounts Department should be segregated into simplest components. These individual jobs should be allocated to the employees based on their capability (Parker, 2014). This would mean the performance of repetitive tasks by a particular employee which reduces the amount of time required tocomplete the task. The Department should also engage in job rotation and job enrichment for enhancing the motivation level of the employees (Michalos, Makris Chrysso louris, 2013). The job rotation concern with the movement of the employees from one job position to other job position at frequent intervals so that the employees are satisfied in their current job role. The employees are able to acquire updated skills required to survive in the competitive job market. The job enrichment concerns with more control power of the employees to effectively perform their own tasks (Michalos, Makris Chryssolouris, 2013). This makes the employees to adopt more responsibility and hence can be converted to motivated employees. The implementation of the flexible work practices and the self-managed teams can prove to be useful in increasing the employee motivation (Michalos, Makris Chryssolouris, 2013). The jobs should be designed in such a manner that it is in accordance with the mental capacity of the employees (Fisher et al., 2014). The human brain processes information at a particular speed and in a specific manner. The Accounts Department must take this into account and formulate the design accordingly. There should be sufficient work breaks and proper allotment of the work (Fisher et al., 2014). The Chief Accountant should not be overloaded with work and there should not be excessively long working hours. If there is reasonable information processing requirements then the employees would be able to fulfill the job requirements easily (Fisher et al., 2014). In such cases, there is less possibility of the employees to do mistakes in work. Recruitment Strategies The recruitment process is a core function of the human resource management. It concerns with the creation of a pool of suitable candidates for the organizational vacant positions (Swider, Zimmerman Barrick, 2015). It deals with attracting and evaluation of the potential candidates. This process should be carried out in a timely manner. It is the aim of the organizations to perform the recruitment process in a cost-effective manner (Swider, Zimmerman Barrick, 2015). The two most important sources of recruitment are discussed- Head Hunting This is an important component of the recruitment process and is most commonly used by the organizations. It is also an effective means of recruiting qualified candidates in the least possible time. The recruitment for the position of the Chief Accountant should be carried out by this method (Chapman Mayers, 2015). The recruiter usually would find the suitable candidate possessing various skills and experience in various recruitment sources.There are various recruitment sources like job portals, consultancy, advertisements, transfers, promotions, former employees and others (Baum Kabst 2014). The recruiter shortlists the suitable candidates based on the job description. He contacts the prospective candidate and attracts him with the job opening.If the candidate agrees, then he is being called for a face to face round of interview. The initial conversation is a form of the telephonic interview. This is a preliminary assessment for determining the true potential of the candidate (Cha pman Mayers, 2015). It depends on the recruiter whether the candidate would be called for an interview. The probability of the face to face interview depends on several factors. One of the primary factors is the design of the resume that attracts the employers (Brinkmann, 2014).). The next step involves the communication skills of the candidates as well as the level of confidence displayed by him (Baum Kabst 2014). The employer can also attract suitable candidates from the finance background who are working with the competitors. These would give the company a competitive edge. Employee Referral The second most common method of recruitment is employee referral. This is an internal method of recruiting talented manpower in the organization. It takes suggestions from the current employee networks regarding a qualified candidate (Brown, Setren Topa, 2012). In this case, the HR department of the organization can contact the existing employees or past employees for any suitable candidate from the Accounts background. They can get to know if the concerned candidate fulfills the job specification. The HR can also engage in background verification of the prospective candidates since the existing employees are well acquainted with them (Brown, Setren Topa, 2012). The employee referral scheme should come with attractive rewards for the employees who are referring the prospective candidates. This would make it possible for the successful referral program and would motivate the existing employees to find suitable candidate for the organization. There can be cash rewards, public recogn ition and paid vacation for the employees participating in employee referral programs (Brown, Setren Topa, 2012). The rewards would be distributed only if the referred candidate joins the organization and stays for a minimum time period. It is also a good idea to give non-cash rewards to the employees (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The employee referral program is a cost effective way to fill the open positions. Selection Strategies The selection process starts after the recruitment process is complete. The selection process commences once the procedure of interviews, group discussion and aptitude tests are over (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The organization has a wide range of evaluated candidates and needs to select one candidate from all the candidates who are deemed perfect to carry out the job responsibilities. The selection process for the recruitment of Chief Accountant comprises of two methods namely interview and assessment centers. Interview This is the most common forms of selection. The shortlisted candidates having relevant qualifications and experience levels would be called for a face to face discussion regarding the particular job (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). It creates a close rapport between the organization and the employees. There may be one or two interviewers. The objective of this method is to verify the actual skills as well as knowledge possessed by the candidates. The job role is also explained to the candidate and his fitment is also analyzed. Apart from the academic skills and experience, various other factors are also assessed such as integrity, honesty (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The behavioral attribute of the candidate is measured and evaluated against the organizational requirements (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). There can also be an interview panel for making accurate judgment regarding the prospective candidates. Assessment Centers This is a new selection tool that evaluates the psychology of the candidates and their demonstrated behavior in a professional environment. This tool provides an idea whether the particular candidate can adjust with the culture of the particular organization (Gatewood, Field Barrick, 2015). It measures the behavioral aspects of the candidates under typical situations and arrives at a conclusion. It can include group discussions, debate, role plays and others (Gatewood, Field Barrick, 2015). The candidate is also able to understand the values of the company.The organization can understand the future performance of the Chief Accountant in the organization. Conclusion The human resource department is one of the most important departments of the organization. This paper aims to describe the most important aspects of job analysis, job design, recruitment, selection and job description. The Singapore Airlines is chosen for the purpose of the study and a specific job role has been selected (Chief Accountant) for understanding the key concepts of human resource management. The important techniques of recruitment are discussed such as headhunting and referral. The selection tools like assessment centers and interviews are also elaborated. This paper has given a practical understanding of the key fundamentals of human resource management. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Link- https://www.hiscco.com/uploads/5/9/9/3/59938367/micheal_armstrong.pdf Baum, M., Kabst, R. (2014). The effectiveness of recruitment advertisements and recruitment websites: Indirect and interactive effects on applicant attraction.Human Resource Management,53(3), 353-378. Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., Van Wart, M. R. (2015).Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage Publications. Brinkmann, S. (2014).Interview(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Link- https://www.hatjecantz.de/files/interview_brinkmann_e.pdf Brown, M., Setren, E., Topa, G. (2012). Do informal referrals lead to better matches? Evidence from a firm's employee referral system.Evidence from a Firm's Employee Referral System (August 1, 2012). FRB of New York Staff Report, (568). Link- iteseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.432.4021rep=rep1type=pdf Chapman, D. S., Mayers, D. (2015). Recruitment processes and organizational attraction.Employee Recruitment, Selection, and Assessment: Contemporary Issues for Theory and Practice,27. Fisher, G. G., Stachowski, A., Infurna, F. J., Faul, J. D., Grosch, J., Tetrick, L. E. (2014). Mental work demands, retirement, and longitudinal trajectories of cognitive functioning.Journal of occupational health psychology,19(2), 231. Link- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663987/ Gatewood, R., Feild, H. S., Barrick, M. (2015).Human resource selection. Nelson Education. Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Dix, G., Oxenbridge, S. (2013).Inside the workplace: findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Routledge. Michalos, G., Makris, S., Chryssolouris, G. (2013). The effect of job rotation during assembly on the quality of final product.CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology,6(3), 187-197. Parker, S. K. (2014). Beyond motivation: Job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more.Annual review of psychology,65, 661-691. Link- https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115208?journalCode=psych Phillips, J. M., Gully, S. M. (2015).Strategic staffing. Pearson. Salvendy, G. (2012).Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. John Wiley Sons. Link- https://nas.psych.uidaho.edu/~ad.uidaho.edu%5Cbdyre/psyc562/readings/Human_Reliability_and_Error/Sharit(2006).pdf Sanchez, J. I., Levine, E. L. (2012). The rise and fall of job analysis and the future of work analysis.Annual review of psychology,63, 397-425. Link- https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100401?journalCode=psych Swider, B. W., Zimmerman, R. D., Barrick, M. R. (2015). Searching for the right fit: Development of applicant person-organization fit perceptions during the recruitment process.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(3), 880. Welcome to Singapore Airlines | Official Website. (2016).Singaporeair.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016, from https://www.singaporeair.com

travel book Review Essay Example

travel book Review Paper Essay on travel book You know, at first wrote a separate review, but thought better of it in time, it may give rise to the negative trend, because the precedent has already been a review of the book not been read. So I quickly removed my review. Accomplish your goal, let, you have in the comments. Hello, dear reader. Well, hello, saying the subject! I the book. Hare Hare wolf a wolf! We passed already. And Im alive. Yah! Growing up? Propagated? Or maybe you feel something, love? Maybe even dying? My name is Travel Book. Very nice but who am I kidding? Can you see me. Thank you, I somehow understood. Or is it the fact that it is too early to imagine that I can hear you? Early? Tell them when to start. I see you, too. Hmm A laugh is already possible? Early? Tell them when to start. I can, if you agree, to captivate you in the easiest, most intimate and the most simple of travel. Ill tell you a secret: it is capable of any book. And you the protagonist. Who is it butter! I spoiled all t he charm! I think that is a good book it is a mirror in which you find yourself. But not Oscar Wilde Is your real name? But thats what I tell you, the book is not any reflector good. About the kingdom of crooked mirrors have not heard? It is also, incidentally, the book. You probably never met. So thats a good book, a person sees their flaws, the bad their justification. I think I understand what you can see in you Bernard Werber At this time, wrote personally to you! Only for you! So how are you to multiply? Is that you, book, teach people (annotation authors) to write such vulgar and vile praises for me? Then goodbye! Goodbye! And do not promise anything, and do not say anything, but in order to understand my sorrow

The sacrament of marriage Essay Example

The sacrament of marriage Essay Example The sacrament of marriage Essay The sacrament of marriage Essay The Roman Catholic Church has a very specific interpretation of marriage and how it should be accepted. Marriage is one of the sacraments. It is one of the ceremonies that the Roman Catholic Church expects a devoted catholic to go through. It is believed to bring you one step closer to God. Marriage is also a covenant, a promise to one another. It is an eternal agreement between two people to allocate themselves to each other.The Catholic Church believes that the relationship between two people should be like the creation story. Adam and Eve are model parents and set an example to all couples. God wants all Catholics to have a bond between each other shown in the creation story.Jesus had a different view to the Old Testament which was that two people become one once they unite. Jesus said No human being must separate what God has joined together, meaning that it is not our job to choose to separate. Jesus was completely against the idea of divorce.The Pope has a similar opinion to Je sus that a man and a woman pledge themselves to one another in an unbreakable alliance meaning that a marriage is unbreakable and that they are choosing to enter an alliance, a life long commitment.Hosea emphasised that marriage was a symbol of Gods covenantal love.He said show your love for a woman who is committing adultery with a lover. He is trying to say that we should be able to forgive if we have sinned against one another. The love between two people should help their marriage survive through a crisis.The Catholic Church believes it is unacceptable for two people to divorce as this is emphasised in the New Testament although it does conflict with Moses teachings who said that divorce was acceptable. Although a marriage can be annulled if it is proven that it was never real or happened for the wrong reasons.One of the main views of the Catholic Church is that marriage is there for two people to become one. There is a special union that a couple shares in a marriage, sexual in tercourse is a sign of this union where two become one. If both partners choose to separate they are still joined after becoming one and God lets no one divide. In a marriage sex is seen as a proper expression of the love of a man and a woman only within marriage. They are able to have children with the encouragement of the church. The churches teachings explain that the sex and the possibility of having a child should not be separated. The church teaches that marriage is the only appropriate relationship, within which sexual intercourse should take place.In a marriage ceremony, two people make a commitment which is done by the marital vows. These vows include what their duties are and what they are expected to do as husband/wife. For richer for poorer is one of the vows meaning that they must stand by each other if they are experiencing any financial difficulties. In sickness and in health meaning that if one partner unfortunately is sick, the other must support them and continue t heir marriage. There are many other vows which explain their responsibilities.The Catechism is a book on moral issues which explains the Catholic Churches views on society. One of the categories that are highlighted in the catechism is that adultery, divorce, polygamy and free union are all offences against the dignity of marriage. Masturbation pornography and homosexual practices are also considered to be sins. The Catholic Church is strongly against any one that does not follow the creation, the uniting of a man and woman.Polygamy is another category that the church does not approve of where some one is married to more than one person. This is explained in 1 kings11: 3 that Solomon had married 700 princesses and also had 300 concubines. Solomon had disobeyed Gods laws and was lead astray by these women.The Catholic Church basically believes that when two people are married they have made a promise and are united. They are able to have sexual intercourse and then be able to have a child. People are expected to keep their vows and accept the moral issues mentioned in the catechism.AO2: Explain how in the course of their marriage the couple would apply these beliefs and highlight specific instances where Christian belief makes a real difference to a healthy marriage, you may include a variety of Christian responses to the beliefs andProblems that arise in marriage (598 words)Many marriages are successful and do not experience any serious problems whereas there are many marriages which do experience serious problems. These problems can be related to their vows or other social problems. Many things can be done to help save a marriage during a crisis with help from the church or groups.When a marriage is going through problems they can often reflect on the vows by keeping them. These marital vows can help resolve problems. For richer for poorer is one of the vows that we are expected to follow. Marriages can run through financial difficulties which can lead to pr oblems. One partner may feel they are unable to live with the other if they are not being supported financially. Marriages running through these difficulties are expected to love each other even if they are experiencing financial problems.Another vow that is expected to help resolve problems is in sickness and in health. This vow means that if either partner is having health problems, the other should support them. Many marriages can break down as one partner may feel they are unable to love and care for them. Using this vow they should be able to continue loving each other and enable them to resolve the problem by making time to care for the person. Two people in a marriage are expected to be together till death do us apart. People can reflect on this vow and help them want to continue the marriage and love each other until either partner dies.A marriage can experience many problems and pressures in society. Marriages can break down for many reasons. Some times there could abuse in the marriage leading the victim to feel the only way out it is to separate. A large percentage of marriages fall out due to one partner committing adultery and the other may feel they cannot forgive. In these situations divorce can be inevitable. A couple may have an annulment if they prove that the marriage was either rushed or one was forced or it happened for the wrong reasons. Once a marriage has been annulled it has the advantage of completely being eradicated from the churches records and are able to re-marry in a catholic church.When a couple is experiencing problems they can get help from the church where there are certain groups organised for marriage problems. They can all receive help from counselling groups such as Marriage and Relate.A couple may feel that they must stay together no matter what due to certain reasons. If children are involved the couple may feel that they have to stay together for them and to prevent the family from breaking up. A couple may stay toget her for religious reasons. They may be religious and determined to keep the marriage together to obey the Roman Catholic views. After having marital problems it could make a relationship much stronger between two people.In an R.E video, R.E collection, I learnt about couples who have truly kept the vow in sickness and in health. Anita and Glenn were together for five months and then married for 6 months. Unfortunately Glenn suffered in an accident and became disabled. Anita was enable to care for him and had to look after her child. She did not divorce Glenn and visits him very often feeling that her marriage is still very alive and true even though she is no longer able to have a sexual relationship with him. This is an example of a true Christian who continues to love her husband in sickness and in health.AO3: Life long marriage is too much for Christians to live up today. The church should be willing to drop this vow. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer showing that you ha ve thought about more then one point of view. (462 words)I disagree with this statement and that this vow should not be dropped. I think people need someone they can rely on and be able to share the rest of their life with as this is essential in a fast changing world. They can have a future together that they can look forward to. When getting married a couple speak out their vows. The vow death do us part should not be broken as the Roman Catholic Church says. Jesus wanted marriage to be permanent just like his love for the church, which is permanent. He made it clear that he did not like the idea of divorce. A couple should not be parted until one has died.Getting married is necessary to show the couple is ready to make a commitment to each other. A couple needs this security, this commitment to show the eternal unity between two people. Marriage can enable a couple to have stability therefore a couple are able to provide a loving home for children. It gives the couple and childre n security. If the couple have a strong lasting relationship it can prevent adultery. A couples relationship can grow and their love deepens.Jesus made it clear that when two people are joined it is not up to us to decide to separate. Having a divorce is a direct violation to the vows and Jesus teachings. He wanted us to work through what ever problems or difficulties we have in relationships which could help make a couple stronger.How ever in many situations it could help if this vow were to be dropped. Couples might be having serious problems such as physical abuse. If there is abuse in the relationship it may be extremely difficult to get through and divorce could be inevitable. Some relationships could be experiencing insoluble money problems. They could be in debt and the relationship is just not progressing. There could be serious sexual problems in the relationship. One partner may desperately want a child whereas the other may not or one partner may be unable to have childre n. Either way it could cause serious problems leading to divorce.Sometimes relationships have no trust where one partner maybe committing adultery or one partner may not be able to trust the other leaving a very weak relationship as trust is essential in a marriage.Many people feel the love between two people dies out after a while making it impossible for them to be able to make an honest commitment. As people seem to be living longer we are expected to love our partner for a long time the rest of our lives, which can be difficult, and divorce maybe necessary. If children are involved, divorce can have a big impact on their lives.

As temperature increases the level of turbidity increases Lab Report

As temperature increases the level of turbidity increases - Lab Report Example 107). It can be said that it is the measure of how much light can pass on the water, and this may be influenced by suspending matter in the water; these may be sediments, organic matter, eroded soil, silt, industrial waste to mention a few. The particles resting at the bottom of water may also be stirred up by water movement, people or storm runoff. With levels of turbidity may indicate the water is unhealthy for aquatic life as light will not easily penetrate to the bottom. Introduction:Temperature may determine the conditions in which matter exists. Minute temperature changes in water may change the conditions and thus make the aquatic life hard to survive in. Temperature changes may also result from deforestation thus allowing more sun to directly shine in the water. Factories and other power plants use water as a coolant and later discharge it back to water sources, this changes the water temperatures. The above reasons were the inspiration for this experiment. The results: The results demonstrate that at 40 degrees Celsius the lowest level of turbidity were recorded. An average reading of 21.65 in the turbidimeter was recorded. At 10 degrees Celsius an average turbidity of 21.65 was noted, at 30 degrees Celsius an average of 21.72 value was recorded, our control was 20 degree Celsius which recorded a reading of 22.38 Conclusion: My hypothesis was that when temperatures increase turbidity of water also increases, this hypothesis should not be accepted as the results recorded did not show any correlation between the water samples taken and the level of turbidity. Recommendations: In the future this experiment should be done in a well controlled environment where the surrounding or confounding variables are well controlled so that they do not have an influence on the experiment. Parker, Gary, and Coastal River. River, Coastal, and Estuarine Morphodynamics: RCEM 2005, Proceeding of the 4th IAHR Symposium on River, Coastal, and Estuarine

Bampton Manor Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bampton Manor Hotel - Essay Example The report relies heavily on responses from key staff within the hotel that provide the picture of the internal operations of the business. It therefore brings to the limelight issues in the various departments including marketing, human resource, operations, as well as, finance (Bowie, 2002, p.34). The hotel initially served as wedding hotel but later changed due to frustrations in the business. The appointment of a new chef with experience in managing Michelin Restaurants was a step forward in ensuring the hotel positions itself as a boutique country hotel with a fine dining restaurant. Due to the high quality of the restaurant, the business has received three rosettes from the AA, thus enhancing its corporate image although the Michelin star would have given it much reputation (Balakrishnan, n.d, 2). The main marketing tool as per the marketing manager was the websites although no real data was available to analyze the same. Although the hotel had most people rating their services as excellent, they also received negative reviews with some complaining about prices being high while others categorized their services as poor especially during the busy periods. In addition, reviews indicated cases of staff rudeness, uncooperative behavior, and in some cases, others indicated that they were not aware of their roles. One of the issues was the shortage of staff experienced on Fridays and during the weekends more so because the current staff struggled to cope with the pressure. In addition, there was lack of enough training and orientation for the temporary staff that were brought in to work over the weekends. In this case, some of the staff did not know their roles as well as whom to report to. This is also notable with the operations manager’s frustrations that the head chef was not able to use the systems introduced to manage reservations and finance (Colvin, 2000). The operations manager was

Importance of Knowledge Management in Organisations

Importance of Knowledge Management in Organisations CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction This chapter provides a brief introduction about the research topic along with the research aims and objectives in detail. Further in this chapter, the scope of research, personal interest and the motivation to choose this particular research topic are all discussed briefly. Finally, the dissertation structure content of the six chapters is highlighted. 1.1 Introduction to the Topic The use of Internet and Intranet technologies within an organisation has changed drastically over the past ten years. Modern organisations are striving hard to maintain an appropriate strategy towards knowledge management in order to provide the employees of the organisation with the data related to their work. The main use of using a companys knowledge-base by employees is to help them develop their skills in all aspects and at the same time helps an individual to learn from any mistakes highlighted during projects undertaken. All past experiences and solutions provided at that time are recorded so experts can analyze these mistakes and make sure that they are not repeated in any of their future product developments or assignments. This research will evaluate whether knowledge management is an effective way to enhance an organisations profit and at the same time achieve employee training and development. Furthermore this research will evaluate whether Intranet and Internet services within an organisation play an important role in knowledge management process. 1.2 Personal Interest and Motivation During the learning process at the university, the author was exposed to different modules of Information Technology (IT), such as, Project Management, IT Management, Knowledge Management and Professional Issues that prevail in the present IT industry. Among these modules the author developed a kind of affection with the subject of Knowledge Management and wished to know more about it. Therefore the author has chosen to taken up this opportunity to explore this research topic and gain further understanding of knowledge management in more detail. This has not been an easy task, but with good guidance and advice from my mentors, tutors and my loved ones it has helped to finalize this topic choice and commence the research work. 1.3 Main Topics Discussed In this section, the main topics and sub topics discussed in the literature review are listed: Introduction to Intranet and Internet Services, Information Technology (IT), Impact of the Intranet on Organisations, Knowledge Management Studies, Knowledge Management, Types of Knowledge Management, Benefits of Knowledge Management Implementation in Organisations, Knowledge Circulation Process (KCP) for Organisational Performance and Management of Knowledge. All the above main topic and sub topics are related to one another which gives a complete understanding about the topic and its necessity within todays organisations. With this understanding a survey questionnaire is formulated which is analyzed at later stages of the research work/discussion. 1.4 Scoping of the Research The main purpose of this study is to evaluate whether knowledge management systems are necessary in todays organisation and also the study is to point out the important features of knowledge management when implemented within organisations. This research topic has been a major attraction for many researchers; a lot of studies have been carried out on this topic. At present, the authors research identifies a few opinions about the topic and its importance within the scope of an organisation. 1.5 Aims and Objectives The main aim of this research study is to evaluate whether knowledge management is important in todays organisations and also to discover whether knowledge management helps in employee development and learning processes. Furthermore, the research also provides a chance to evaluate the role of the Internet and Intranet technologies in implementing knowledge management. Below is a list of objectives: To understand the research topic in depth Provide a clear understanding of the role of Internet and Intranet technologies Seek information in relation to Knowledge Management 1.6 Structure of the Dissertation The dissertation structure is divided into six chapters and the contents of each chapter are briefly discussed below: Chapter One In this chapter, a brief introduction concerning the topic is discussed. Furthermore, the aims and objectives of the research topic are detailed, personal interest/ motivation, scope of the research, main topics and sub topics related to the research topic are discussed. Finally, the chapter concludes with a dissertation outline, this provides the reader with a structure of the research work that will be carried out. Chapter Two This chapter mainly focuses on the literature review based on the research topic. The discussion focuses on the analysis of a variety of researchers views and different authors opinions about the chosen topic area. Additionally, literature on knowledge management systems, types of knowledge management, and benefits of knowledge management when implemented within an organisation, knowledge circulation process, Internet and Intranet services within organisations are all briefly discussed. Chapter Three In these chapter different research paradigms, research strategies and data collection methods are discussed briefly, out of which only appropriate research paradigm, research methodology, research strategy are chosen based on the topic. Further in this chapter, assumptions and ethical issues are also discussed. Chapter Four In this chapter, the data collected from participants are gathered together, the data is stored in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and the data is then analyzed by relating it to the research aims and objectives in order to meet them. Chapter Five This chapter includes a brief discussion of the analysed results of the obtained data from participants. The data is represented in the form of graphs and each graph is followed by a discussion. Chapter Six This is the conclusive chapter. In this chapter, the obtained results are compared to that of research aims and final conclusions are drawn from the analysis. The discussion focuses on relating to and linking the survey data to the aims and drawing conclusions. Finally, the chapter suggests future recommendations. 1.7 Conclusion This chapter has provided a brief outline of the dissertation structure where the researcher as well as the reader can gain a quick understanding about the work that has been planned. Additionally this chapter has introduced the topic chosen, highlighted the aims and objectives and briefly discussed the main topics within the study that will hopefully provide a clear understanding for both the author and the reader. Furthermore, this chapter also discusses the authors personal interest/motivation behind choosing this particular topic area and the scope of the research. In the next chapter, literature on the research topic is analysed and discussed this: includes opinions of different researchers and authors. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Introduction The use of intra-organisational information by employees is widely recognized as an essential part of knowledge sharing within organisations. This way of sharing knowledge helps an organisation to tackle supporting operational and strategic corporate decision makers within the organisation. Intranet technology has proven to be one of the effective ways of accessing and disseminating data or knowledge available within the organisation (Lai and Mahapatra, 1998). The main problem that an organisation faces is the decision-making capability. Managers who are responsible for decision making within a project lifecycle are unable to make appropriate decisions due to the required data not being available. Due to large amounts of data that are available within the organisation, organisations are striving hard to find appropriate tools and techniques to manage their knowledge. Although, techniques such as data warehousing and digital libraries are implemented within the organisation, but these services are limited to a certain range. In order to manage these kinds of situations within an organisation, better solutions are evaluated and the term Intranet evolved (Tan, et. al., 2003). Expertise has identified services offered by the Intranet, some of these services that can be utilized are: alternative approach of managing dispersed enterprise data and decision support services. Intranet usage integrates individual, group, departmental, corporate communication and information sharing tasks together and provides a solution or option for each and every individual who uses it. Organisations have developed in terms of managing data available within their departments, sharing of knowledge within their departments, communication within company employees and sharing of knowledge are available for decision making was found to be improved (Lai and Mahapatra, 1998). Intranets can develop the collaboration among employees who are working for an organisation by creating networks of share spaces which are developed based on common understanding. Employees of an organisation can use this service as a medium to share available knowledge and expertise amongst each other. They have the opportunity to interact with their team and share their advice on work carried out. Though the main use of the Intranet in an organisation was meant to be for data sharing, but the extra features with the use of Intranet in organisations made it popular and these services are widely used in organisation irrespective of their market area (Khasnabish and Saracco, 1997). Strategic engagements that are held by an organisation have seen a new topic that has emerged in the knowledge based view of an organisation. This provides us with a theoretical basis on how a knowledge based resource plays a vital role in increasing the sustainable competitiveness of the firm. It also provides us with a clearer picture of how changes could be brought about to ensure no hassle in the process of knowledge management (Hoegl and Schulze, 2005). If an organisation constantly checks on its resources and promotes knowledge based perspective that postulates a competitive advantage and also builds on the privately developed resources, then tacit and explicit knowledge in an organisation will exist. At the same time, the knowledge based view or perception of an organisation assumes that the present knowledge assets exist at any time provided a valid opportunity for sustainable competitive advantage (Kebede, 2010). The use of previously existing assets along with the creation, accumulation and sharing the new assets amongst the other individuals would happen in an easier way by employing Information Technology and an Information System (IS) in that particular organisation, this is considered here. In an organisational view, it can be explained in a convincing manner the reason why a certain number of organisations or firms are more competitive under the prevailing market conditions (Kebede, 2010). Knowledge assets pertaining to a particular organisation are all dependent upon the quality of organisational knowledge and also the intangible assets of the organisation in general. This generally depends on the methods that are used to store the knowledge within the organisational limits and the extent of its usage within its employees. There is a serious need for metrics and statistics to justify all knowledge management initiatives that are taken up on priority within an organisation. Taking the knowledge management process a step forward would help senior management to justify and also help them improve their ability to manage the knowledge assets in a better manner. The benefits that are extracted from the knowledge management are all intangible and there is one method of measurement called the Balanced Scorecard. This would take both the perspectives like Financial and also the others (e.g. customers or internal business processes, innovation and learning etc.) (Liebowitz and Megbolugbe, 2003). However it is not a justifiable fact to relate knowledge management initiatives to performance. One cannot relate knowledge management with performance in every situation within organisational life, There is a need to have a superior metrics system to assess knowledge management performance, with also the ability to clear it; and also at the same time it also suggests futuristic and strategic actions for an organisation to take up. This not just keeps the work organised, but also improves the performance for the knowledge management process. 2.1 KM Studies The discussion that is taken up in previous sections of this dissertation briefly highlights that knowledge management is built on multiple disciplines such as management, computer science and information systems theory. It also has been reviewed in previous knowledge management literature at the start and the same are summarized in Table 1 below by Lee et. al., (2005). Table 1: KM studies, (Lee et. al., 2005) There are few prior Knowledge Management studies that relates with the Managerial and the Social issues. These issues have brought about the needed change and also brought about the necessary importance into place on specific processes and activities within knowledge management such as the knowledge acquisition, generation, storage, distribution, application and also its measurement (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). On the same grounds, the research agenda and also the general perspective of knowledge management based on the literature review are all addressed with the priorities that were set for them without any deviations. There are few points that have taken the managerial perspective and have requested the reasons as to how a ‘learning organisation could obtain sustainable competitive advantage. Work needs to be conducted within the organisation to develop the same knowledge as there would not be any single individual in an organisation who has all the required knowledge. It is not predictable when an individual working with any certain organisation would choose to leave it, for the offer of a better poosition. Hence relying on a single individual for his knowledge could lead to very drastic effects. The way or the process within which the knowledge has been acquired and the way it is assembled and restructured particularly provides a definite competitive advantage for an organisation. As per the scholar Kebede (2010) states, the process of learning was the only sustainable competitive advantage and there has been a single learning situation that is resulted in organisational knowledge (or memory). Corporate memory has a remarkable effect on the present decisions that are taken and also plays a vital role in the success of an organisations operations and the responses to the changes and challenges. There are numerous attempts that are made and numerous methodologies that were put in place to improve and revive the present learnings and learning capabilities of the individual employees in an organisation, this helps an organisation become a ‘learning system (Kingston and Macintosh, 2000). In the process of improving an organisations learning capabilities, there were problems that were identified at various stages of the process by a considerable number of scholars. These identified reasons and issues were then studied to give a better environment to resolve the same. There are also studies that mentioned the relationship of role of Information Technology in Knowledge Management (Lee and Kim, 2001) (Kingston and Macintosh, 2000). There is a general consideration that a Knowledge Management System (KMS) is a specialized Information System for knowledge management using the latest available technologies (e.g. the Internet, Intranet, data warehouses, software agents) to synchronize, facilitate and also to expedite organisation wide knowledge management. Knowledge Management System research primarily consists of general and also conceptual principles, case studies, scenarios and thesis of such systems of a few organisations. A study by Lee and Kim (2001) states that how a KMS can enhance the effectiveness of the teams that sit and analyse the complex, non-recurring problems by improving all the trouble some areas and also improving the way these teams compositions evolve. Knowledge mining would be the synonymous phrase that could be used as like Data mining. Using this we would be able to see our self in a situation where you can provide the right information to the right persons at the right time (Kingston and M acintosh, 2000). The strategic use of the Internet for all such knowledge management activities is well dealt with in lot of activities. There has been a point that was mentioned regarding the usage of the Internet and Intranet in developing the distributed Knowledge Management systems by (Goodman, 2006). XML (Extensible Markup Language) was developed to transport and store data, this is considered as an ideal tool for knowledge retrieval and for use in knowledge management. 2.2 Impact of the Intranet on Organisations Intranet services are growing rapidly within every possible sector of business due to its wide range of benefits. Some of the impacts where Intranet has changed the business strategy are listed below: It is less expensive to implement as it runs inside the organisations network. Excellent performance enhancement can be achieved because of limited user access Employee performance is increased due to availability of necessary resources and advices due to better communication with their expertise. Effective communication amongst the employees Efficient knowledge sharing process within different departments of an organisation Helps to maintain effective customer relationship Immediate access of data regarding organisational data and documents is possible with the help of Intranet service (Bernard, 1996). 2.3 WEB WEB is known as World Wide Web. It is a hypertext document which can be accessed over the Internet. With the use of these links an individual can actually access almost everything, right from an mp3 (MPEG- Moving Pictures Experts Group) file to video files. Different types of documents and books can be read or downloaded using this process. With the help of this facility an individual can perform some of his daily tasks in a different and a convenient way. The use of the Internet and web technology has changed the entire scenario of database management within an organisation on any given day. Due to the popularity of the web, a newer version of World Wide Web is launched and named it as the second version of it. With the help of web 2.0 one can experience a user friendly approach while accessing the Internet. The quality of web pages that are available is different and more exciting when compared to earlier version of web (W3c, 2010). 2.4 Knowledge Management Knowledge management in general tries to organise and make available important information like the know-how, wherever and whenever it is actually needed. This includes processes, procedures, patents, reference works, formulas, best practices, forecasts, fixes and the like (Maglitta, 1996). This process is not only used for managing organisations knowledge base but also looks for the proper management of the same. Utilization of this knowledge within the organisation at right time and at the right place is also ensured as a part of its activities. Success of an organisation depends less on developed products and more on the appropriate utilization of available information, appropriate sharing of information when needed. Thus knowledge management plays a vital and a key role for all these years and it will be change the future of managing the knowledge within an organisation as well (Kebede, 2010). 2.4.1 Types of Knowledge Mainly there are of two types of knowledge that is available for the individuals of an organisation and they are: Explicit Knowledge: This knowledge can be expressed in terms of specific language and is normally expressed in terms of data or formulae. The information obtained can be stored within the Organisational premises easily and reused whenever there is any need for it. Tacit Knowledge This type of knowledge is completely opposite to explicit knowledge. Knowledge is more personal and cannot be stored. It ‘indwells in a comprehensive cognizance of the human mind and body (Kebede, 2010). In simpler words, this type of knowledge is held within an individual and is not available for any other individuals of the organisation. This kind of knowledge in an individual builds a dependency on him and then the works would actually finish in a slower and un-organised manner. 2.4.2 Benefits of KM Implementation in Organisations One can expect an interactive environment around the organisation where people strive for knowledge and also to show their skills, some benefits of KM implementation are listed below: Provide new ways to collaborate. Boosts up productivity. Leads to innovation within the organisation. Overall profitability. Motivation and encouragement within employees. Reusability of resources (Dalkir, 2005). 2.4.3 What are Knowledge Based Systems? Human-centred would be an apt definition for a Knowledge Based System. Knowledge Based Systems derive their roots from the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and there are evident attempts from scholars to understand and also to imitate human knowledge in Computer systems. In whatever way we see, a Knowledge Based System falls short of the human intellect and the human touch. The system lacks creative powers like reproducing the same knowledge and also the learning capabilities are relatively primitive (Dreyfus, 1986). Compared to a human as such, there is no comparison with the Knowledge Based System. There is a wonderfully acknowledged fact that the intelligence of a Artificially Intelligent System is quite different from human intelligence. There are a second set of definitions that are defined and which only looks for the characteristics in the architecture of a Knowledge Based System. In such a way of defining a Knowledge Based System, it mainly categorizes four components namely: Knowledge base Inference Engine Knowledge engineering tool A specific user interface and is often natural language based (Ramirez and Antonio, 2007) The core of a Knowledge Based System is defined by the first two components namely the Knowledge Base and the Inference Engine wherein the former one is an active collection of ‘formal knowledge or an active database with lots of ‘formal knowledge, its primary purpose being how that data may be used in Practical life. The latter part, inference engine on the other hand defines the ways in which the knowledge base can be put to use to help resolve the situations at hand for an organisation (Ramirez and Antonio, 2007). The remaining two factors are just the added supplements for the Knowledge base and the Inference engine as these offer instruments for filling the Knowledge base with knowledge and act as a dedicated user interface for the user to understand and view the knowledge. Characteristically a Knowledge Based System user interface has to provide the basic know how and should also question itself letting the system explain its behaviour when the system deals with any particular problem. Definitions of a Knowledge Based System that are defined on the basis of architectural peculiarities are not at all satisfactory as compared to the definitions that are defined on the basis of human intelligence, there is an obvious resistance in the way they actually work with such definitions also (Akerkar and Sajja, 2009). The difference in the definitions could be seen when we consider a system based on neural nets and there are no separating aspects of a knowledge base, inference engine. There would hardly be any difference between the knowledge base and an inference engine in such cases where neural nets are considered for a system. Such definitions take the wrong meaning historical form chosen in several Knowledge Based Systems for the hallmarks of such systems. There is also a third set of definition that is given to a Knowledge Based System to indicate all the organisational IT applications that prove helpful and needful for managing the knowledge assets within an organisation. Few examples for such kinds of Knowledge Based Systems could be expert systems, groupware, data warehouses or even the Intranet. The mentioned applications in an organisation provide the individuals all the information that is needed to them to help them in all their day-to-day activities. These definitions are flatly rejected as these lead to the erosion of the meaning of the term Knowledge-based system. Knowledge Based System in our view is not just any IT system that is used to deal with the Knowledge that is present with an organisation (Leondes, 2000). The definition of a Knowledge Based System that provides the most satisfactory organisation-centred viewpoint comes when we focus on the â€Å"Knowledge Modelling†. Key activity in building a Knowledge Based System in that case is to find a formal model that allows the description of knowledge at a conceptual level or at the knowledge level itself, aiming at uncovering the basic schema linking the central concepts of a given domain in a particular organisation (Akerkar and Lingras, 2008). The best suited examples of formalisms for the knowledge representation are the production rules, predicate logic, frames, neural nets and objects. The definition of a Knowledge Based System as an outcome of the knowledge modelling process is very useful and it actually does not direct any discussions pertaining to the organisational values of it to the characteristics of the technology as such. The actual goals of knowledge modelling process could be achieved only by examining the elements of knowledge validly and then has to be described in any of the formalisms for knowledge representation (Ramirez and Antonio, 2007). Given the focus on the process of knowledge modelling not only aids in gaining the best insight into the characteristics of the knowledge, but also guides the discussions concerning the pros and cons of the use of knowledge. It then leads to the identification why or in which aspect of formalisation is not possible or not advisable (for example, it reduces the flexibility or does not do justice to any specific intricacies). The knowledge modelling process thus acts as a vehicle to show and focus thought about the organisational knowledge and also its functionality. The basic aim is to explore that part of the organisational knowledge and how to capture in the formal schemata, and to describe the benefits and the pitfalls that are implied. There are associated benefits of having a Knowledge Based System in place in an organisation. These act as a way to retain the knowledge even after an individual who has created/compiled it has opted out of the organisation or in their absence. These systems could be used for the new comers in their on-job training purposes to fetch whatever the details that are needed of them. There is a consistent way to improve the decision making process and also helps in increasing the availability of the needed expertise. They provide the building blocks or the Corporate Memory and also promotes of knowledge sharing etc. If the knowledge is well documented under KBS, the sole repository for all such information and knowledge then there wouldnt be any potential rivalry between these two. If there is any discrepancy then the risks that have to be incurred is not imaginary also (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). Then those would not be considered the failure of a KBS installation but would unnecessary a nd undesirable side effects of a successful KBS implementation. Stating to the earlier point, these mainly derive from the fact that KBS totally depends on the determining and storing of the knowledge at a given point of time. It would be very tough and would be next to impossible to assess all the critical empirical assessments of the harm that a KBS may cause to an organisation. Considering such a point, there would be a definite negative impact on Job satisfaction and also on the labour quality. Once a KBS is implemented in an organisation, there should be an established value that has to be assigned to the same. The friendliness and the rivalry that exists between the KBS and the knowledge that is with held in the hands of an organisation are like the two poles of a continuum. The whole responsibility of having the data be accessible over the Internet/Intranet for all the individuals of an organisation is solely taken up by the organisation. The main area that is concentrated here in this discussion would be the organisational value of KBS, its assessment, and the effective know how process. There should be a proper and a systematic way to respond to all the questions that could be raised on the three issues (Akerkar and Lingras, 2008). Firstly there should be an assessment of the role and the value of the knowledge of the organisation; the measures of their activation. Only after this is done, there would be a proper understanding of the things that are to happen at a later stage in an organisation. Knowledge management is the whole process of considering and implementing measures that would be dealing with the organisational knowledge. There is always a need to have a suitable definition of this concept. Secondly, the provided definition for a KBS has to be appropriate to the context of investigation of the organisational aspects of knowledge. The relationship between the knowledge management and Knowledge Based Systems has to be established and the same should stand on sound grounds. If there are any mismatches found in the definitions, it would affect drastically on both the knowledge and the method through which the knowledge management is achieved. Thirdly, with a proper assessment of the value of a KBS, it needs a careful description of how a KBS relates to the other aspects of an organisation and the disposition of its knowledge. There is also a question that remains unanswered that is the earning that a KBS can obtain the tools that are used for knowledge management. To do all this, there is a particular framework that has to be presented. 2.5 Management of Knowledge There is a certain need for every organisation to crave for more knowledge than what is acquired by an organisation as it has to survive the competition that exists in the market. Every individual that is linked with any process of an organisation, they have to perform their day-to-day activities and routines; it may even add value to the work that an individual does. The knowledge that is acquired or retained within the organisational limits could be put into use by all the individuals in their day-to-day work. The knowledge that is already retained by an organisation has to be used in all the present scenarios and at the same time there are to be ardent efforts to create new knowledge or information are the only two core areas of concern for any organisation that is considered for this research study (Frappaolo, 2006). The knowledge that is acquired and maintained within an organisation should be relevant to the work that an individual works on and the same differs or changes over the time without any doubts. An organisation maintaining the Importance of Knowledge Management in Organisations Importance of Knowledge Management in Organisations CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction This chapter provides a brief introduction about the research topic along with the research aims and objectives in detail. Further in this chapter, the scope of research, personal interest and the motivation to choose this particular research topic are all discussed briefly. Finally, the dissertation structure content of the six chapters is highlighted. 1.1 Introduction to the Topic The use of Internet and Intranet technologies within an organisation has changed drastically over the past ten years. Modern organisations are striving hard to maintain an appropriate strategy towards knowledge management in order to provide the employees of the organisation with the data related to their work. The main use of using a companys knowledge-base by employees is to help them develop their skills in all aspects and at the same time helps an individual to learn from any mistakes highlighted during projects undertaken. All past experiences and solutions provided at that time are recorded so experts can analyze these mistakes and make sure that they are not repeated in any of their future product developments or assignments. This research will evaluate whether knowledge management is an effective way to enhance an organisations profit and at the same time achieve employee training and development. Furthermore this research will evaluate whether Intranet and Internet services within an organisation play an important role in knowledge management process. 1.2 Personal Interest and Motivation During the learning process at the university, the author was exposed to different modules of Information Technology (IT), such as, Project Management, IT Management, Knowledge Management and Professional Issues that prevail in the present IT industry. Among these modules the author developed a kind of affection with the subject of Knowledge Management and wished to know more about it. Therefore the author has chosen to taken up this opportunity to explore this research topic and gain further understanding of knowledge management in more detail. This has not been an easy task, but with good guidance and advice from my mentors, tutors and my loved ones it has helped to finalize this topic choice and commence the research work. 1.3 Main Topics Discussed In this section, the main topics and sub topics discussed in the literature review are listed: Introduction to Intranet and Internet Services, Information Technology (IT), Impact of the Intranet on Organisations, Knowledge Management Studies, Knowledge Management, Types of Knowledge Management, Benefits of Knowledge Management Implementation in Organisations, Knowledge Circulation Process (KCP) for Organisational Performance and Management of Knowledge. All the above main topic and sub topics are related to one another which gives a complete understanding about the topic and its necessity within todays organisations. With this understanding a survey questionnaire is formulated which is analyzed at later stages of the research work/discussion. 1.4 Scoping of the Research The main purpose of this study is to evaluate whether knowledge management systems are necessary in todays organisation and also the study is to point out the important features of knowledge management when implemented within organisations. This research topic has been a major attraction for many researchers; a lot of studies have been carried out on this topic. At present, the authors research identifies a few opinions about the topic and its importance within the scope of an organisation. 1.5 Aims and Objectives The main aim of this research study is to evaluate whether knowledge management is important in todays organisations and also to discover whether knowledge management helps in employee development and learning processes. Furthermore, the research also provides a chance to evaluate the role of the Internet and Intranet technologies in implementing knowledge management. Below is a list of objectives: To understand the research topic in depth Provide a clear understanding of the role of Internet and Intranet technologies Seek information in relation to Knowledge Management 1.6 Structure of the Dissertation The dissertation structure is divided into six chapters and the contents of each chapter are briefly discussed below: Chapter One In this chapter, a brief introduction concerning the topic is discussed. Furthermore, the aims and objectives of the research topic are detailed, personal interest/ motivation, scope of the research, main topics and sub topics related to the research topic are discussed. Finally, the chapter concludes with a dissertation outline, this provides the reader with a structure of the research work that will be carried out. Chapter Two This chapter mainly focuses on the literature review based on the research topic. The discussion focuses on the analysis of a variety of researchers views and different authors opinions about the chosen topic area. Additionally, literature on knowledge management systems, types of knowledge management, and benefits of knowledge management when implemented within an organisation, knowledge circulation process, Internet and Intranet services within organisations are all briefly discussed. Chapter Three In these chapter different research paradigms, research strategies and data collection methods are discussed briefly, out of which only appropriate research paradigm, research methodology, research strategy are chosen based on the topic. Further in this chapter, assumptions and ethical issues are also discussed. Chapter Four In this chapter, the data collected from participants are gathered together, the data is stored in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and the data is then analyzed by relating it to the research aims and objectives in order to meet them. Chapter Five This chapter includes a brief discussion of the analysed results of the obtained data from participants. The data is represented in the form of graphs and each graph is followed by a discussion. Chapter Six This is the conclusive chapter. In this chapter, the obtained results are compared to that of research aims and final conclusions are drawn from the analysis. The discussion focuses on relating to and linking the survey data to the aims and drawing conclusions. Finally, the chapter suggests future recommendations. 1.7 Conclusion This chapter has provided a brief outline of the dissertation structure where the researcher as well as the reader can gain a quick understanding about the work that has been planned. Additionally this chapter has introduced the topic chosen, highlighted the aims and objectives and briefly discussed the main topics within the study that will hopefully provide a clear understanding for both the author and the reader. Furthermore, this chapter also discusses the authors personal interest/motivation behind choosing this particular topic area and the scope of the research. In the next chapter, literature on the research topic is analysed and discussed this: includes opinions of different researchers and authors. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Introduction The use of intra-organisational information by employees is widely recognized as an essential part of knowledge sharing within organisations. This way of sharing knowledge helps an organisation to tackle supporting operational and strategic corporate decision makers within the organisation. Intranet technology has proven to be one of the effective ways of accessing and disseminating data or knowledge available within the organisation (Lai and Mahapatra, 1998). The main problem that an organisation faces is the decision-making capability. Managers who are responsible for decision making within a project lifecycle are unable to make appropriate decisions due to the required data not being available. Due to large amounts of data that are available within the organisation, organisations are striving hard to find appropriate tools and techniques to manage their knowledge. Although, techniques such as data warehousing and digital libraries are implemented within the organisation, but these services are limited to a certain range. In order to manage these kinds of situations within an organisation, better solutions are evaluated and the term Intranet evolved (Tan, et. al., 2003). Expertise has identified services offered by the Intranet, some of these services that can be utilized are: alternative approach of managing dispersed enterprise data and decision support services. Intranet usage integrates individual, group, departmental, corporate communication and information sharing tasks together and provides a solution or option for each and every individual who uses it. Organisations have developed in terms of managing data available within their departments, sharing of knowledge within their departments, communication within company employees and sharing of knowledge are available for decision making was found to be improved (Lai and Mahapatra, 1998). Intranets can develop the collaboration among employees who are working for an organisation by creating networks of share spaces which are developed based on common understanding. Employees of an organisation can use this service as a medium to share available knowledge and expertise amongst each other. They have the opportunity to interact with their team and share their advice on work carried out. Though the main use of the Intranet in an organisation was meant to be for data sharing, but the extra features with the use of Intranet in organisations made it popular and these services are widely used in organisation irrespective of their market area (Khasnabish and Saracco, 1997). Strategic engagements that are held by an organisation have seen a new topic that has emerged in the knowledge based view of an organisation. This provides us with a theoretical basis on how a knowledge based resource plays a vital role in increasing the sustainable competitiveness of the firm. It also provides us with a clearer picture of how changes could be brought about to ensure no hassle in the process of knowledge management (Hoegl and Schulze, 2005). If an organisation constantly checks on its resources and promotes knowledge based perspective that postulates a competitive advantage and also builds on the privately developed resources, then tacit and explicit knowledge in an organisation will exist. At the same time, the knowledge based view or perception of an organisation assumes that the present knowledge assets exist at any time provided a valid opportunity for sustainable competitive advantage (Kebede, 2010). The use of previously existing assets along with the creation, accumulation and sharing the new assets amongst the other individuals would happen in an easier way by employing Information Technology and an Information System (IS) in that particular organisation, this is considered here. In an organisational view, it can be explained in a convincing manner the reason why a certain number of organisations or firms are more competitive under the prevailing market conditions (Kebede, 2010). Knowledge assets pertaining to a particular organisation are all dependent upon the quality of organisational knowledge and also the intangible assets of the organisation in general. This generally depends on the methods that are used to store the knowledge within the organisational limits and the extent of its usage within its employees. There is a serious need for metrics and statistics to justify all knowledge management initiatives that are taken up on priority within an organisation. Taking the knowledge management process a step forward would help senior management to justify and also help them improve their ability to manage the knowledge assets in a better manner. The benefits that are extracted from the knowledge management are all intangible and there is one method of measurement called the Balanced Scorecard. This would take both the perspectives like Financial and also the others (e.g. customers or internal business processes, innovation and learning etc.) (Liebowitz and Megbolugbe, 2003). However it is not a justifiable fact to relate knowledge management initiatives to performance. One cannot relate knowledge management with performance in every situation within organisational life, There is a need to have a superior metrics system to assess knowledge management performance, with also the ability to clear it; and also at the same time it also suggests futuristic and strategic actions for an organisation to take up. This not just keeps the work organised, but also improves the performance for the knowledge management process. 2.1 KM Studies The discussion that is taken up in previous sections of this dissertation briefly highlights that knowledge management is built on multiple disciplines such as management, computer science and information systems theory. It also has been reviewed in previous knowledge management literature at the start and the same are summarized in Table 1 below by Lee et. al., (2005). Table 1: KM studies, (Lee et. al., 2005) There are few prior Knowledge Management studies that relates with the Managerial and the Social issues. These issues have brought about the needed change and also brought about the necessary importance into place on specific processes and activities within knowledge management such as the knowledge acquisition, generation, storage, distribution, application and also its measurement (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). On the same grounds, the research agenda and also the general perspective of knowledge management based on the literature review are all addressed with the priorities that were set for them without any deviations. There are few points that have taken the managerial perspective and have requested the reasons as to how a ‘learning organisation could obtain sustainable competitive advantage. Work needs to be conducted within the organisation to develop the same knowledge as there would not be any single individual in an organisation who has all the required knowledge. It is not predictable when an individual working with any certain organisation would choose to leave it, for the offer of a better poosition. Hence relying on a single individual for his knowledge could lead to very drastic effects. The way or the process within which the knowledge has been acquired and the way it is assembled and restructured particularly provides a definite competitive advantage for an organisation. As per the scholar Kebede (2010) states, the process of learning was the only sustainable competitive advantage and there has been a single learning situation that is resulted in organisational knowledge (or memory). Corporate memory has a remarkable effect on the present decisions that are taken and also plays a vital role in the success of an organisations operations and the responses to the changes and challenges. There are numerous attempts that are made and numerous methodologies that were put in place to improve and revive the present learnings and learning capabilities of the individual employees in an organisation, this helps an organisation become a ‘learning system (Kingston and Macintosh, 2000). In the process of improving an organisations learning capabilities, there were problems that were identified at various stages of the process by a considerable number of scholars. These identified reasons and issues were then studied to give a better environment to resolve the same. There are also studies that mentioned the relationship of role of Information Technology in Knowledge Management (Lee and Kim, 2001) (Kingston and Macintosh, 2000). There is a general consideration that a Knowledge Management System (KMS) is a specialized Information System for knowledge management using the latest available technologies (e.g. the Internet, Intranet, data warehouses, software agents) to synchronize, facilitate and also to expedite organisation wide knowledge management. Knowledge Management System research primarily consists of general and also conceptual principles, case studies, scenarios and thesis of such systems of a few organisations. A study by Lee and Kim (2001) states that how a KMS can enhance the effectiveness of the teams that sit and analyse the complex, non-recurring problems by improving all the trouble some areas and also improving the way these teams compositions evolve. Knowledge mining would be the synonymous phrase that could be used as like Data mining. Using this we would be able to see our self in a situation where you can provide the right information to the right persons at the right time (Kingston and M acintosh, 2000). The strategic use of the Internet for all such knowledge management activities is well dealt with in lot of activities. There has been a point that was mentioned regarding the usage of the Internet and Intranet in developing the distributed Knowledge Management systems by (Goodman, 2006). XML (Extensible Markup Language) was developed to transport and store data, this is considered as an ideal tool for knowledge retrieval and for use in knowledge management. 2.2 Impact of the Intranet on Organisations Intranet services are growing rapidly within every possible sector of business due to its wide range of benefits. Some of the impacts where Intranet has changed the business strategy are listed below: It is less expensive to implement as it runs inside the organisations network. Excellent performance enhancement can be achieved because of limited user access Employee performance is increased due to availability of necessary resources and advices due to better communication with their expertise. Effective communication amongst the employees Efficient knowledge sharing process within different departments of an organisation Helps to maintain effective customer relationship Immediate access of data regarding organisational data and documents is possible with the help of Intranet service (Bernard, 1996). 2.3 WEB WEB is known as World Wide Web. It is a hypertext document which can be accessed over the Internet. With the use of these links an individual can actually access almost everything, right from an mp3 (MPEG- Moving Pictures Experts Group) file to video files. Different types of documents and books can be read or downloaded using this process. With the help of this facility an individual can perform some of his daily tasks in a different and a convenient way. The use of the Internet and web technology has changed the entire scenario of database management within an organisation on any given day. Due to the popularity of the web, a newer version of World Wide Web is launched and named it as the second version of it. With the help of web 2.0 one can experience a user friendly approach while accessing the Internet. The quality of web pages that are available is different and more exciting when compared to earlier version of web (W3c, 2010). 2.4 Knowledge Management Knowledge management in general tries to organise and make available important information like the know-how, wherever and whenever it is actually needed. This includes processes, procedures, patents, reference works, formulas, best practices, forecasts, fixes and the like (Maglitta, 1996). This process is not only used for managing organisations knowledge base but also looks for the proper management of the same. Utilization of this knowledge within the organisation at right time and at the right place is also ensured as a part of its activities. Success of an organisation depends less on developed products and more on the appropriate utilization of available information, appropriate sharing of information when needed. Thus knowledge management plays a vital and a key role for all these years and it will be change the future of managing the knowledge within an organisation as well (Kebede, 2010). 2.4.1 Types of Knowledge Mainly there are of two types of knowledge that is available for the individuals of an organisation and they are: Explicit Knowledge: This knowledge can be expressed in terms of specific language and is normally expressed in terms of data or formulae. The information obtained can be stored within the Organisational premises easily and reused whenever there is any need for it. Tacit Knowledge This type of knowledge is completely opposite to explicit knowledge. Knowledge is more personal and cannot be stored. It ‘indwells in a comprehensive cognizance of the human mind and body (Kebede, 2010). In simpler words, this type of knowledge is held within an individual and is not available for any other individuals of the organisation. This kind of knowledge in an individual builds a dependency on him and then the works would actually finish in a slower and un-organised manner. 2.4.2 Benefits of KM Implementation in Organisations One can expect an interactive environment around the organisation where people strive for knowledge and also to show their skills, some benefits of KM implementation are listed below: Provide new ways to collaborate. Boosts up productivity. Leads to innovation within the organisation. Overall profitability. Motivation and encouragement within employees. Reusability of resources (Dalkir, 2005). 2.4.3 What are Knowledge Based Systems? Human-centred would be an apt definition for a Knowledge Based System. Knowledge Based Systems derive their roots from the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and there are evident attempts from scholars to understand and also to imitate human knowledge in Computer systems. In whatever way we see, a Knowledge Based System falls short of the human intellect and the human touch. The system lacks creative powers like reproducing the same knowledge and also the learning capabilities are relatively primitive (Dreyfus, 1986). Compared to a human as such, there is no comparison with the Knowledge Based System. There is a wonderfully acknowledged fact that the intelligence of a Artificially Intelligent System is quite different from human intelligence. There are a second set of definitions that are defined and which only looks for the characteristics in the architecture of a Knowledge Based System. In such a way of defining a Knowledge Based System, it mainly categorizes four components namely: Knowledge base Inference Engine Knowledge engineering tool A specific user interface and is often natural language based (Ramirez and Antonio, 2007) The core of a Knowledge Based System is defined by the first two components namely the Knowledge Base and the Inference Engine wherein the former one is an active collection of ‘formal knowledge or an active database with lots of ‘formal knowledge, its primary purpose being how that data may be used in Practical life. The latter part, inference engine on the other hand defines the ways in which the knowledge base can be put to use to help resolve the situations at hand for an organisation (Ramirez and Antonio, 2007). The remaining two factors are just the added supplements for the Knowledge base and the Inference engine as these offer instruments for filling the Knowledge base with knowledge and act as a dedicated user interface for the user to understand and view the knowledge. Characteristically a Knowledge Based System user interface has to provide the basic know how and should also question itself letting the system explain its behaviour when the system deals with any particular problem. Definitions of a Knowledge Based System that are defined on the basis of architectural peculiarities are not at all satisfactory as compared to the definitions that are defined on the basis of human intelligence, there is an obvious resistance in the way they actually work with such definitions also (Akerkar and Sajja, 2009). The difference in the definitions could be seen when we consider a system based on neural nets and there are no separating aspects of a knowledge base, inference engine. There would hardly be any difference between the knowledge base and an inference engine in such cases where neural nets are considered for a system. Such definitions take the wrong meaning historical form chosen in several Knowledge Based Systems for the hallmarks of such systems. There is also a third set of definition that is given to a Knowledge Based System to indicate all the organisational IT applications that prove helpful and needful for managing the knowledge assets within an organisation. Few examples for such kinds of Knowledge Based Systems could be expert systems, groupware, data warehouses or even the Intranet. The mentioned applications in an organisation provide the individuals all the information that is needed to them to help them in all their day-to-day activities. These definitions are flatly rejected as these lead to the erosion of the meaning of the term Knowledge-based system. Knowledge Based System in our view is not just any IT system that is used to deal with the Knowledge that is present with an organisation (Leondes, 2000). The definition of a Knowledge Based System that provides the most satisfactory organisation-centred viewpoint comes when we focus on the â€Å"Knowledge Modelling†. Key activity in building a Knowledge Based System in that case is to find a formal model that allows the description of knowledge at a conceptual level or at the knowledge level itself, aiming at uncovering the basic schema linking the central concepts of a given domain in a particular organisation (Akerkar and Lingras, 2008). The best suited examples of formalisms for the knowledge representation are the production rules, predicate logic, frames, neural nets and objects. The definition of a Knowledge Based System as an outcome of the knowledge modelling process is very useful and it actually does not direct any discussions pertaining to the organisational values of it to the characteristics of the technology as such. The actual goals of knowledge modelling process could be achieved only by examining the elements of knowledge validly and then has to be described in any of the formalisms for knowledge representation (Ramirez and Antonio, 2007). Given the focus on the process of knowledge modelling not only aids in gaining the best insight into the characteristics of the knowledge, but also guides the discussions concerning the pros and cons of the use of knowledge. It then leads to the identification why or in which aspect of formalisation is not possible or not advisable (for example, it reduces the flexibility or does not do justice to any specific intricacies). The knowledge modelling process thus acts as a vehicle to show and focus thought about the organisational knowledge and also its functionality. The basic aim is to explore that part of the organisational knowledge and how to capture in the formal schemata, and to describe the benefits and the pitfalls that are implied. There are associated benefits of having a Knowledge Based System in place in an organisation. These act as a way to retain the knowledge even after an individual who has created/compiled it has opted out of the organisation or in their absence. These systems could be used for the new comers in their on-job training purposes to fetch whatever the details that are needed of them. There is a consistent way to improve the decision making process and also helps in increasing the availability of the needed expertise. They provide the building blocks or the Corporate Memory and also promotes of knowledge sharing etc. If the knowledge is well documented under KBS, the sole repository for all such information and knowledge then there wouldnt be any potential rivalry between these two. If there is any discrepancy then the risks that have to be incurred is not imaginary also (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). Then those would not be considered the failure of a KBS installation but would unnecessary a nd undesirable side effects of a successful KBS implementation. Stating to the earlier point, these mainly derive from the fact that KBS totally depends on the determining and storing of the knowledge at a given point of time. It would be very tough and would be next to impossible to assess all the critical empirical assessments of the harm that a KBS may cause to an organisation. Considering such a point, there would be a definite negative impact on Job satisfaction and also on the labour quality. Once a KBS is implemented in an organisation, there should be an established value that has to be assigned to the same. The friendliness and the rivalry that exists between the KBS and the knowledge that is with held in the hands of an organisation are like the two poles of a continuum. The whole responsibility of having the data be accessible over the Internet/Intranet for all the individuals of an organisation is solely taken up by the organisation. The main area that is concentrated here in this discussion would be the organisational value of KBS, its assessment, and the effective know how process. There should be a proper and a systematic way to respond to all the questions that could be raised on the three issues (Akerkar and Lingras, 2008). Firstly there should be an assessment of the role and the value of the knowledge of the organisation; the measures of their activation. Only after this is done, there would be a proper understanding of the things that are to happen at a later stage in an organisation. Knowledge management is the whole process of considering and implementing measures that would be dealing with the organisational knowledge. There is always a need to have a suitable definition of this concept. Secondly, the provided definition for a KBS has to be appropriate to the context of investigation of the organisational aspects of knowledge. The relationship between the knowledge management and Knowledge Based Systems has to be established and the same should stand on sound grounds. If there are any mismatches found in the definitions, it would affect drastically on both the knowledge and the method through which the knowledge management is achieved. Thirdly, with a proper assessment of the value of a KBS, it needs a careful description of how a KBS relates to the other aspects of an organisation and the disposition of its knowledge. There is also a question that remains unanswered that is the earning that a KBS can obtain the tools that are used for knowledge management. To do all this, there is a particular framework that has to be presented. 2.5 Management of Knowledge There is a certain need for every organisation to crave for more knowledge than what is acquired by an organisation as it has to survive the competition that exists in the market. Every individual that is linked with any process of an organisation, they have to perform their day-to-day activities and routines; it may even add value to the work that an individual does. The knowledge that is acquired or retained within the organisational limits could be put into use by all the individuals in their day-to-day work. The knowledge that is already retained by an organisation has to be used in all the present scenarios and at the same time there are to be ardent efforts to create new knowledge or information are the only two core areas of concern for any organisation that is considered for this research study (Frappaolo, 2006). The knowledge that is acquired and maintained within an organisation should be relevant to the work that an individual works on and the same differs or changes over the time without any doubts. An organisation maintaining the